The morality of an action depends on a moral law that is universal and absolute and not on the consequences of the action (No exception)
In other words, Kant argued that actions are morally right if they are made out of a sense of duty and if the guiding principle of the action can be applied universally.
Key components of Kantian ethics:
- Categorical Imperative: At the heart of Kant’s ethics is the categorical imperative, a principle that dictates that one should act only according to that maxim which one can will to become a universal law. This means that before taking an action, a person should consider whether the rule guiding their action could be applied universally without contradiction.
- Moral Duty: Kant argues that moral actions are those performed out of a sense of duty and adherence to moral law, rather than for personal gain or emotional inclination. An action is morally right if it is done from duty and in accordance with the categorical imperative.
- Autonomy and Rationality: Kantian ethics places a strong emphasis on the autonomy of individuals. According to Kant, rational beings have the capacity to legislate moral laws for themselves, and they must act in ways that respect the autonomy and rationality of others.
- Moral Worth: The moral worth of an action is determined not by its consequences but by the intention behind it. Actions performed out of a sense of duty, rather than from inclinations or for self-interest, hold true moral value.
- Respect for Persons: Kant’s ethics emphasizes the inherent dignity of each individual. He argues that individuals should never be treated merely as a means to an end, but always as ends in themselves. This principle underlines the importance of respecting others’ rights and humanity.
Example:
A classic example of Kantian ethics in action is the case of a person considering whether to lie to protect a friend’s feelings. According to Kantian ethics, lying is inherently wrong because it cannot be universalized (if everyone lied, trust would be undermined). Therefore, even if the intention is to protect someone, the act of lying would not be morally permissible.